Crude Oil Distillation: Atmospheric Distillation Unit Design, Column Internals, and Product Cut Point Optimization
The atmospheric distillation unit (ADU), or crude distillation unit (CDU), is the first process every barrel meets in a refinery. […]
Field Development Planning - Concept Selection, FDP Structure, Pre-FEED to FEED, and Well Program Optimization
A Field Development Plan (FDP) is the document that defines how a discovered accumulation will be developed, produced and finally […]
Pipe Fittings and Branch Connections: Elbows, Tees, Reducers, and Branch Reinforcement Design
Fittings change direction, change diameter, split or join flow and close pipe ends. Their curved or intersecting geometry concentrates stress […]
NPV and IRR Analysis for Petroleum Projects: Decline Curve Integration, WACC Calculation, and Capital Allocation
NPV and IRR Analysis for Petroleum Projects: Decline Curve Integration, WACC Calculation, and Capital Allocation The net present value and […]
Flanges, Gaskets, and Bolted Joint Design: Flange Face Types, Gasket Selection, and Bolt Load Calculation
A flanged joint is the most common removable pressure boundary in petroleum plants and one of the most common sources […]
Petroleum Economics Fundamentals: Royalties, Production Sharing Contracts, Cash Flow Modeling, and Breakeven Analysis
Petroleum economics converts a dated technical forecast into project cash flows under explicitly defined commercial and fiscal assumptions. Production, price, […]
Valves in Petroleum Service: Gate, Globe, Ball, Check, and Control Valve Selection, Sizing, and Specification
Valves are the most numerous components in a refinery or gas plant, and each one is a set of decisions: […]
Industrial Communications and Cybersecurity: HART, PROFIBUS, Foundation Fieldbus, OPC-UA, and IEC 62443 Network Protection
Process plants connect field instruments, controllers, safety systems and business networks through several layers of communication. At the field level, […]
Piping Flexibility Analysis: Thermal Expansion, Stress Intensification Factors, and Pipe Support Design
A hot pipe grows. If its growth is restrained, the pipe and the equipment nozzles it connects to take the […]
Custody Transfer Measurement and Hydrocarbon Accounting: API MPMS Standards, Allocation Methods, and Fiscal Metering Design
Hydrocarbon accounting determines how much oil and gas each party produced, transported and sold. Every allocated barrel traces back to […]